Positive Accounting Theory Essay Example

Positive Accounting Theory Essay We use data innovation and apparatuses to build profitability and encourage new types of grant. For more data about JSTOR, if you don't mind contact [emailprotected] organization. American Accounting Association is working together with JSTOR to digitize, protect and stretch out access to The Accounting Review. http://www. jstor. organization THE ACCOUNTING REVIEW Vol. 65, No. 1 January 1990 pp. 131-156 Positive An Accounting Year Theory: Ten Perspective Ross L. Watts and Jerold L. Zimmerman University of Rochester ABSTRACT: This paper surveys and evaluates the positive bookkeeping writing following distribution of Watts and Zimmerman (1978, 1979). The 1978 paper produced the positive bookkeeping writing which offers a clarification of bookkeeping practice, proposes the significance of contracting costs, and has prompted the disclosure of some already obscure experimental regularities. The 1979 paper delivered a methodological discussion that has not been beneficial. This paper endeavors to evacuate some normal misguided judgments about approach that surfaced in the discussion. It additionally recommends approaches to improve positive examination in bookkeeping decision. The most significant of these upgrades is more tight connections between the hypothesis and the observational tests. A second recommended improvement is the advancement of models that perceive the endogeneity among the factors in the relapses. A third improvement is decrease in estimation mistakes in both the needy and autonomous factors in the relapses. T is over 10 years since our two papers, Towards a Positive Theory of the Determination of Accounting Standards and The Demand for and Supply of Accounting Theories: The Market for Excuses were distributed in The Accounting Review. We will compose a custom exposition test on Positive Accounting Theory explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Positive Accounting Theory explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Positive Accounting Theory explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The mediating time permits us to think back on these papers and the following writing with some point of view. The two papers were questionable ten years prior and remain so today. The papers (fundamentally Watts and Zimmerman 1978) added to a writing that has revealed observational regularities in bookkeeping practice (Christie forthcom ing; Holthausen and Leftwich 1983; Leftwich inevitable; Watts and Zimmer man 1986). The exact regularities have been repeated in various settings I Financial help was given by the John M. Olin Foundation and the Bradley Policy Research Center at the University of Rochester. The remarks of Ray Ball, James Brickley, Andrew Christie, Linda DeAngelo, Robert Hagerman, S. P. Kothari, Richard Leftwich, Tom Lys, Clifford Smith, Jerold Warner, and Greg Whittred are thankfully recognized. We express gratitude toward William Kinney for urging us to seek after this task. A previous variant of this paper was introduced at the Accounting Association of Australia and New Zealand, July 4, 1989, Melbourne, Australia. Composition got May 1989. Modification got September 1989. Acknowledged September 1989. 131 132 The Accounting Review, January 1990 (Christie expected) and it is clear there is a connection between firms bookkeeping decision and other firm factors, for example, influence and size and the indications of the relations are for the most part reliable across considers. Positive bookkeeping research guided the quest for the exact regularities and gave clarifications to them. Until this point in time, there are no methodical elective arrangements of clarifications for those regularities explained and tried in the writing. Further, the writing has moved past the principal straightforward article of the hypothesis in the 1978 paper. The clarification for bookkeeping decision is currently more extravagant and progressively refined. Our first target in this paper is to pass on our point of view on the advancement and present status of positive bookkeeping hypothesis and to sum up the proof on precise exact regularities in bookkeeping (Section I). The subsequent target is to assess the examination techniques and the procedure used to archive the exact regularities. We talk about reactions of the first papers and of the ensuing positive bookkeeping writing in Section II. While the positive bookkeeping writing has clarified some bookkeeping practice, much stays unexplained. Our third goal is to give our perspectives about future bearings for positive bookkeeping writing (Section III). I. Development and State of Positive Evolution Accounting Theory Modern positive bookkeeping research started prospering during the 1960s when Ball and Brown (1968), Beaver (1968), and others acquainted experimental money strategies with monetary bookkeeping. The resulting writing received the presumption that bookkeeping numbers gracefully data for security advertise speculation choices and utilized this data point of view to research the connection between bookkeeping numbers and stock costs. The data point of view has shown us much the business sectors utilization of bookkeeping numbers. In any case, aside from the decision of stock techniques, the data point of view has not given speculations to foresee and clarify bookkeeping decisions. The data point of view has not given theories to clarify why whole enterprises change from quickened to straight-line deterioration without changing their duty devaluation techniques. A significant explanation that the data viewpoint neglected to create theories clarifying and anticipating bookkeeping decision is that in the fund hypothesis fundamental the observational investigations, bookkeeping decision as such couldn't influence firm esteem. Data is costless and there are no exchange costs in the Modigliani and Miller (1958) and capital resource valuing model structures. Consequently, The data point of view sees bookkeeping information (generally income, profits, and incomes) as giving data on contributions to valuation models (e. g. , limited incomes) and tests for relationship between bookkeeping divulgences and stock costs or returns. In the contracting approach received in the writing and examined in this paper, bookkeeping techniques are essentially dictated by the utilization of bookkeeping numbers in contracts between gatherings to the firm. Under this methodology bookkeeping divulgences straightforwardly influence parties (counting investors) authoritative cases and, thus, the estimations of those cases (counting stock costs). To the degree bookkeeping revelations are associated with traits speculators use in esteeming protections, these divulgences contain data and influence stock costs. In this manner, under both a data point of view and a contracting viewpoint, bookkeeping exposures can possibly adjust protections costs (Holthausen pending). Watts and Zimmerman-Positive Accounting Theory 33 if bookkeeping techniques don't influence charges they don't influence firm esteem. In that circumstance there is no reason for foreseeing and clarifying bookkeeping decision. Bookkeeping is superfluous. To anticipate and clarify bookkeeping decision bookkeeping scientists needed to present data as well as exchanges costs. The underlying experimental examinations in conaccounting decision utilized positive office expenses of oblig ation and pay tracts and positive data and campaigning costs in the political procedure to produce esteem impacts for and, subsequently, speculations about bookkeeping decision. Money specialists had presented expenses of obligation that expansion with the obligation/value proportion (Jensen and Meckling 1976) to clarify (in mix with differential assessments) how ideal capital structures could shift across businesses. The obligation costs initially presented were insolvency and organization costs. The organization costs were specifically compelling to bookkeepers since bookkeeping seemed to assume a job in limiting them. Obligation contracts obviously planned for decreasing broken conduct use bookkeeping numbers (Smith and Warner 1979; Leftwich 1983). Bookkeeping specialists perceived the suggestions for bookkeeping decision and started utilizing the bookkeeping numbers in the red agreements to produce theories about bookkeeping decision (Watts 1977). 2 agreements Accounting numbers likewise are utilized in chiefs remuneration and it is speculated that such use again limits organization costs (Smith and Watts 1982). This utilization of bookkeeping numbers in extra plans recommended the likelihood that bookkeeping decision could influence riches thus bookkeeping analysts started utilizing that utilization to clarify bookkeeping decision. Watts and Zimmerman (1978) is an early case of this methodology. Acquiring from the modern association writing in financial aspects (Stigler 1971; Peltzman 1976) which accept positive data costs and campaigning costs, bookkeeping analysts hypothesized that the political procedure created costs for firms. These political expenses are a component of revealed benefits. In this manner, motivating forces are made to oversee detailed bookkeeping numbers. Data and campaigning costs are a piece of the expenses of contracting in the political procedure. The degree and type of the riches moves made by the political procedure, (for example, the assessment code) are influenced by these contracting costs. While the early writing focused on utilizing obligation and remuneration contracts and the political procedure to clarify and anticipate bookkeeping decision, the hypothesis hidden the experimental work was progressively broad and had its establishment in a financial writing on the hypothesis of the firm. Since the 1970s, financial analysts have strived to build up a hypothesis of the firm by endeavoring to clarify the authoritative structure of the firm (e. g. , decision of corporate structure, structure of The centralization-decentralization). ompensation, contracts, the board basic idea (Alchian 1950) is that opposition among various types of instituti

4G Technology An Analysis

4G Technology An Analysis 4G alludes to the Fourth Generation of cell remote measures in broadcast communications that will succeed it ancestors 3G 2G. It is a rapid broadband remote system that offered thorough secure all IP based administrations. As indicated by the ITU, necessities for 4G guidelines were determined by IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunication-Advanced). The information paces of 4G administration for high portability correspondence was set to 100 Mbps and low versatility correspondence was set to 1 Gbps. It centers around cell framework with amazingly high information rates the idea of consistent innovation in every remote framework. Bearers that are utilizing OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing) as an option to TDMA and CDMA are advancing their administrations as 4G despite the fact that their information rates are not high as per the ITU. 4G open air clients that have Internet access through mobile phones or PDAs were guaranteed to have a focused on information speed of around 100 Mbps by the IMT-Advanced and the information speed for indoor clients, for example, LAN (Local Area Network) was assume to be around 1Gbps. This sort of higher speed for both fixed and portable Internet clients is genuinely stunning. 4G proposes adaptable channel data transmission adaptability of up to 40 MHz. The system assets are powerfully used common to support increasingly synchronous clients over each call. 4G likewise can propose high QoS (Quality of Service) for interactive media backing and offer smooth handover heterogeneous systems. It should likewise be able to offer remote LAN wandering collaborate with frameworks utilized for video broadcasting. Figure 5: Seamless Connection of Networks in 4G [5]. The 4G design includes 3 essential territories of network to be specific Dish (Personal Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network Cell Connectivity Every gadget will be able to communicate with the Internet based data that is adjusted over the system utilized by the gadget around then. This structure can bolster a wide scope of 4G cell phones that support worldwide wandering. In 4G systems clients that join the system can add versatile switches to the foundation. Changing client examples can be obliged by progressively moving system limit inclusion. Making extra courses as the centralization of individuals is higher in one zone contrasted with the different empowers extra access to the limit of the system. Clients can without much of a stretch dodge blocked courses by planning to the less clogged courses. This permits the system to naturally adjust the limit by expanding the system usage. The administration for all the clients improve with the expansion in number of clients. Requirement for 4G One of the inquiries that ring a bell when considering future 4G frameworks is there need. The principal application to be prepared was voice communication, not many years prior. The short message administration (SMS) was the primary application to be presented as a mass-advertise application. The equipment unpredictability was not an issue at the given time alongside the benefit of little data transfer capacity necessities. The SMS was only the beginning of different information administrations like versatile email, web perusing and so on. The key element in the greater part of them was the bundle based remote systems conveying IP information in one hand and ground-breaking terminals that could adapt to these applications on the other. In spite of the fact that the system limit is as yet not an issue because of less number of clients, there are number of explanations behind expanded data transmission necessities later on. To start with, the quantity of remote clients increments expo nentially coming about into an expansion in transfer speed prerequisite. Second, the prominence of video and music downloads has expanded monstrously inside hardly any years. The data content in a video or music is more than the relating text yet so is the limit necessity. Last however not the least, portable interpersonal organizations have taken the present web utilization to an a lot more significant level. Picture seeing destinations, web journals and furthermore video sharing locales have reshaped the web. The requirement for 4G emerges from lacking exhibitions by 3G to meet the future needs a few contrary norms. The necessity for administration movability, general versatility the requirement for mixture systems including both WLAN cell arrange configuration prompted the development of 4G. New adjustment techniques that offered higher transmission capacity with the assistance of an all IP based system with merged information voice ability were conceivable just by 4G. The central trademark created by 4G was to offer settlement for the QoS administrations that were set as necessities by the ITU. 4G innovation ensures secure, far reaching safe IP based portable help answers for remote modems, workstations, cell phones other cell phones. Applications, for example, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), portable TV, remote broadband access, video talk, and Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) are being urbanized to utilize a 4G organize. Other IP based administrations incorporate improved gaming, top notch sight and sound spilling, IP communication truly quick broadband Internet can be gotten to. This earth shattering innovation will have a lot more offices accessible to clients all around the globe. Envision being able to get to data and administrations whenever, anyplace with a consistent association just as accepting huge amount of data, pictures, information video are the key parts of 4G innovation. The future 4G systems would comprises of a lot of various systems having IP based administrations as their regular convention with the end goal that the clients are in charge can pick every application and condition. The main accomplishment would coordinate 4G innovation with the current cell advances with the assistance of trend setting innovations. The principle highlights of 4G administrations that intrigue the clients explicitly are high powerful coordination application flexibility. This implies administrations are conveyed accessible to the clients according to their inclination clients traffic, radio condition air interfaces are completely upheld by 4G. Throughout the years scientists have been taking a shot at methods of satisfying the above needs. Ethernet, Wireless LAN and TD-CDMA, were completely bolstered by the created organize in general. The versatile innovation of 4G ought to concentrate on the information rate increment, new air-interface. The purported center of the innovation, OWA stage ought to likewise be installed with fast remote frameworks and remote portable framework. It ought to likewise, Reuse a wide range of access advancements as conceivable in this manner executing different capacities utilizing the IP-based conventions and innovations. Give continuous administrations sufficiently high quality like the current cell systems. Openness to administrations that ought not be influenced by the handover interference. Portable frameworks ought to have interfaces from different innovations at the same time uniquely to TDCDMA (UMTS-TDD), remote LANs (802.11b), and fixed systems (Ethernet). Be fit for getting to switches and give an interface between a wired system area and remote. A solitary access switch legitimately mapped to a solitary cell controls an IP subnet. Give a system the board server to versatility the board, charging, Quality of Service, security and paging issues in a fixed system. Highlights of 4G Highlights of 4G Wireless Systems: Client Personalization and Friendliness: The mix of personalization and neighborliness is a key element in 4G. The very much structured straightforwardness permits man and the machine to cooperate normally and is all around refreshing. The administrator can send the information to the client relying upon his/her inclination or the information can even be separated at the client end dependent on his/her prerequisite. So as to address a mass market and addition a constructive effect on people groups way of life it ought to be remembered that each client needs to feel novel and significant. In this way personalization empowers the client to arrange his gadget and select the administrations as indicated by his inclinations. The mix henceforth gives the correct an incentive to the clients cost. Heterogeneity: 4G ought to have a clear favorable position in the clients everyday life. This is acquired by joining the system and wording heterogeneity, the two of which contribute similarly to the proficiency of use. With arrange heterogeneity, omni-directional association and normal help can be acquired in this manner guaranteeing certain degree of nature of administration. Heterogeneity empowers a client to get to and play out various things all the while for instance, if a client needs to purchase passes to an exhibition hall and tune in to music, he can do that. Terminals in 4G may have to some basic administrations out of their capacities because of which fitting of the substance may get essential. Since it depends on IP remote availability, the enhancement of web is amplified. The circuit exchanging innovation is supplanted by bundle exchanging. The explicitness of an IP, in this way speed up alongside the unwavering quality of move of information. The transfer speed is around 100Mhz and speed of information transmission up to 1 Gbps. Backing: It underpins interactive media, voice, video, remote web and other broadband administrations. Financially savvy: Transmission expenses of different sight and sound administrations are extremely low. High limit, fast and minimal effort per bit. Cost of rented range figures in incredibly in arriving at benefit. For instance, the underlying opposition from the venture society is a prevention for WiMAX. This thusly pushes the administrators to make better approaches for expanding capital. Worldwide versatility, administration movability and adaptable portable systems. Consistent exchanging or generally alluded as handover is picking up notoriety. Accessibility of between and intra-innovation handovers guarantees least or no interference in this way guaranteeing Quality of Service (QoS). This is accomplished with the assistance of ceaseless straightforward upkeep of administrations and consideration of WiFi to OFDMA. Better booking and call confirmation control strategies are accessible. Specially appointed networ

Ambrose Bierces Chickamauga Essay example -- Ambrose Bierce Chickamau

Ambrose Bierce's Chickamauga Ambrose Bierce’s short story, Chickamauga, investigates American qualities, explicitly, America’s relating to the regular world. Bierce is disparaging of the American relationship with divine fate, which has showed itself from the beginning of time as John Winthrop’s â€Å"City upon a hill† discourse, the thought of the â€Å"white man’s burden,† and Manifest Destiny. American history, in the extent of the short story, is one of saw â€Å"rightly† enslavement of others. Bierce ridicules this way of thinking by utilization of the kid as an indication of American qualities that are in the long run demonstrated to be weak and feeble. The initial section sums up American history in conceptual terms: â€Å"It was cheerful from another perspective of opportunity from control, upbeat in the chance of investigation and experience; for this child’s soul, in assortments of its precursors, had for a great many years been prepared to noteworthy accomplishments of disclosure and conquest† (455). The lingual authority Bierce utilizes passes on a feeling of warmongering and that war and victory is the thing that achieves â€Å"memorable feats.† The consistently extending outskirts, the cross-mainland investigations, and the colonizing of the West, however, are totally depicted by Bierce as far as a jolly youngster going to play in the forested areas unabated and â€Å"unobserved† (Ibid). Bierce sabotages the thought that American victories in the past were amazing adventures of an advantaged and faithful individuals. Bierce additionally utilizes exaggeration in depicting the child’s playing in the forested areas. In spite of the fact that the kid is just playing war in his psyche, Bierce depicts him as â€Å"a mightier conqueror† and â€Å"the mightiest† (Ibid). This lingual authority of magnificence is compared with the bunny driving the youngster off: â€Å"With an alarmed cry the kid... ...nquest don't offer triumph to one country and thrashing for another, however rather achieve rout for all. Along these lines, Bierce mocks American culture and the prevalent views of predetermination and regular predominance related with his time. American history is demonstrated to be just a hard of hearing and quiet youngster meandering in the wild playing war games. The self-important idea of predominance is portrayed as weak and at last dangerous. Bierce calls upon Americans to see themselves with a sort of modesty toward the normal world and its it place within it; no longer should Americans consider themselves to be special, rather, they ought to get lowered. Works Cited Bierce, Ambrose. Chickamauga. The Heath Anthology of American Literature Volume C Late Nineteenth Century 1865-1910. Ed. Suzanne P. Weir. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. 455-459.

Body Ritual among the Nacirema

The ideas of culture, social relativism, ethnocentrism, and subjective research technique are fundamental parts in the investigation of humanism. Culture is commonly the lifestyle of any social gathering. This sociological viewpoint addresses the manners in which social gatherings think, ways they act and parameters that shapes their lifestyles. As per Edward B. Tylor, culture involves ethics, customs, convictions, information, images, and different propensities that one can secure as an individual from a given society.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Body Ritual among the Nacirema explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cultural relativism as an idea accepts that the social acts of an individual are comparative with his/her own social alliance. Anthropologists accept that no social practice is better than the different according to its own situation. So far as that is concerned, no ethical conviction is viewed as off-base or right and doesn't overrid e some other conviction of an alternate social gathering. Then again, ethnocentrism is a sociological idea where an individual perspectives the whole world concerning his/her social gathering. Here, one accepts that his/her ethnic gathering is a higher priority than other social gatherings on the planet and estimation of one’s culture is done comparative with his/her own ethnic gathering. Finally, subjective research philosophy is a field examine technique that targets drawing out the comprehension of ideas of public activity. The entire idea attempts to address inquiries of ‘why’, ‘how’ and ‘what’ of any perspective. For example, the exploration by Professor Linton is subjective in the viewpoint that it attempts to uncover the social practices and conviction arrangement of the Nacirema individuals. This paper examines the ideas of culture, social relativism, ethnocentrism, and subjective research strategy from a sociological perspective in light to the body ceremonies among the Nacirema. Likewise, the exposition will concentrate on the subjective research procedure as utilized by Professor Linton in getting the convictions and practices of the Nacirema individuals. Horace Miner’s article, â€Å"Body Ritual among the Nacirema†, uncovers the customs, propensities and convictions of the individuals of Nacirema. It reveals the entire educational experience of man in that society. They accepted that Notgnihsaw established the country. Eminently, they rehearsed the way of life of financial interests and generally utilized the produces in ceremonial exercises. The ceremonial exercises focused on the human body that they accepted was monstrous consequently people were to forestall the highlights through the impact of customs and service. Nacirema gave places of worship to aid this procedure. So noteworthy was the hallowed places that all families had to claim a couple in their homes. On the shrine’s d ivider, Nacirema manufactured a container where they kept charms that secured their lives. Nacirema had medication men that were incredibly amazing subsequently profoundly regarded. The medication men were given broad presents for endorsing corrective elixirs to wiped out individuals. Outstandingly, even the poor needed to offer endowments to the affluent medication men since the network accepted and regarded their way of life. Sociologically, they contended that such activities were correct and all individuals from the general public needed to hold fast to them independent of their financial status.Advertising Looking for paper on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nacirema accepted that pre-owned charms were not to be arranged, however must be put in the appeal box. These mysterious elixirs could overflow to the floor. Every relative needed to go into the sanctuary room, bow his/her head before the appeal box an d continue to blend various types of heavenly water to perform customs of bathing. The clerics had the job of filtering the water. Plainly, individuals from the Nacirema people group rehearsed these rituals since they accepted that their way of life was the best in the entire world. At that point there was the â€Å"holy-mouth men† who were second in order to the medication men. These individuals were leading mouth pathology in an astonished manner. For example, they utilized pushes and drawbores to gouge out a client’s teeth so as to make a gap for embeddings supernatural materials. The reason for this action was to capture teeth rot, fabricate solid relationship with companions and darlings, and improve moral fiber among youngsters. A sacred mouth man punches a bit into the nerves of the jawbone. Despite the fact that this training was incredibly rough, barbarous and didn't meet its target of forestalling teeth rot, people kept on searching out the exercises of a ble ssed mouth man in any event once in a year. There is additionally the private mouth custom where mystical powders and packages of brown haze hairs are embedded into the mouth. With regards to social relativism, there is no judgment that the way of life of the Nacirema was terrible since they kept on rehearsing it in the midst of the horrendous experiences all the while. The entire procedure dispenses torment into the jawbones and can't be excused in the current society. For instance, some African people group that rehearses female circumcision have gone under weight from the worldwide network and neighborhood governments to stop the procedure. Also, there is where medication men perform services like treating the debilitated. As indicated by Professor Linton, the function is constantly brutal with the end goal that once in a while do very wiped out patients come out alive. Be that as it may, wiped out grown-ups keep on experiencing the extended custom purging. Tragically, sanctuary watchmen can't concede a customer before giving a rich blessing regardless of the degree of sickness. Out appropriately, these demonstrations show absence of virtues for the debilitated individuals. They contrast properties with life of individuals. This social practice is very deceptive. Particularly, the wiped out were peeled off the entirety of their garments and compelled to perform regular capacities into a hallowed vessel. The medication men could control, examine, and nudge stripped collections of wiped out females. In any case, they kept on rehearsing it so as to improve cultural solidarity and even accepted that it was better than different societies on the planet. The cultural individuals were ethnocentric, as they didn't dismiss endeavors by ladies to strip them bare and permit medication men to control their bodies. Nacirema likewise accepted that moms could put reviles on their kids and no one but ‘listeners’ could direct ceremonies to exorcize the devils.A dvertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Body Ritual among the Nacirema explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, ladies with enormous bosoms could move from town to town to bring in cash by permitting locals to see them. The way of life of the Nacirema uncovers the ethnocentric idea of the network. They had endured the cruel, agonizing, and unrefined practices with the point of satisfying their cultural requests. In their unique situation, these practices were not named malicious since truth is rarely objective. The examination philosophy that Professor Linton used to gather the social acts of the Nacirema is subjective offered that it attempted to response inquiries on why and how the network carried on the manner in which they did. It revealed the Nacirema’s conviction frameworks, encounters, and viewpoints from the recorded perspective. The entire idea helped anthropologists to see how and why the Nacirema were carrying on the way, the y did. For example, the exploration uncovered why the Nacirema gave due consideration to ceremonial exercises but the products of their monetary commitment. Generally, people group hold their societies independent of the results that they experience because of the ethnocentric nature and social relativism in the whole world. This exposition on Body Ritual among the Nacirema was composed and presented by client Adriana Suarez to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; nonetheless, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

Atmospheric Element Of Customer In Restaurant - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk about the Atmospheric Element Of Customer In Restaurant. Answer: Presentation Administration ventures rely a great deal upon the general consumer loyalty file. The idea of administration is dependent on the nature of the assets, which is driven by the consumer loyalty and wants (Wen 2015). The exploration proposes to comprehend the impacts of various determinations of an eatery on its clients. The exploration has been done on the understudies from Unitar University, and this will be useful for eateries to comprehend their clients in a superior manner. Technique The five purposes of the Likert scale has been used 1=strongly differ to 5=strongly concur (Joshi et al. 2015). The polls have been set thusly. In the rundown of indeces the segment examples and attributes of the respondents has been recorded. The example size in the examination is of 200 members of different demography. Testing AND DATA COLLECTION Examining has been done haphazardly with the members from Malaysia from the said college. Edge mistake in its principle structure is seen with a 5% of degree of hugeness. The two techniques for essential and optional information assortment are applied in the examination. In the essential technique organized surveys to respondents has been applied. Diverse writing audits comprises the optional technique. Discoveries It has been discovered that the understudies from age bunch 20 to 25 years are the most successive burger joints at the cafés. A more prominent number of understudies from the post-graduate office were bound to visit cafés than their single men partner. It is seen that condition is the most significant factor molding client turn up in the eateries. Condition establishes the physical properties of the café (Ariffin, Bibon Abdullah 2017). The administration quality in a café is connected with the agreeableness and support of the staff and the group of the eatery. The greater part of the understudies contemplated that they got exhausted of the normal food they got at their college grounds and lodgings. Reliability is the least significant factor in the determination procedure of cafés. Great quality food is another significant factor in choice procedure. Proposals It is suggested for the cafés that they generally keep a new gracefully of value food to take into account the energetic understudies who come here looking for good food. As it has been discovered that condition of the eatery is significant in the determination procedure. In this manner, all the café specialists ought to keep up all around structured, redid, slick and clean condition. The restaurants ought not separate among the different clients it serves, and the understudies ought to be served and provided food similarly, similar to the expert clients. REFERENCES Ariffin, H. F., Bibon, M. F., Abdullah, R. P. S. R., 2017. Eateries barometrical components: what the client wants.Journal of Asian social studies,2(3), 85-94. Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S. what's more, Pal, D.K., 2015. Likert scale: Explored and explained.British Journal of Applied Science Technology,7(4), p.396. Wen, H., 2015.Risk correspondence when serving clients with food sensitivities in eateries in the United States. Kansas State University.

International Relations with Syria

International Relations with Syria International Relations Mar 26, 2018 in Economics Introduction In Syria, violence has taken new forms as both the regime and the opposition have adjusted their tactics. This has resulted to the brutal killings of the Syrian civilians especially women and children (Brown, 2004). It has also led to the violation of human rights though the situation is quite helpless because President Assad prohibited the human rights organizations and humanitarian groups to come and help the situation. Many officers that have deserted the army have also been killed mercilessly and the situation is getting out of hand. This problem can only be solved through intervention by the outside actors, which are the Arab and the international community, for instance the U.S. History and the Background Syria is a country located on one of the most religiously, historically and politically volatile areas on the planet (Gerges et al, 1994). At first it was a part of the Elban civilization located in the Middle East. Religion has also played an essential role in Syrias history, a theme that continues up to today. The uprise of Syrian is a continuous armed conflict between the forces that are loyal to the Baath Party and those who try to overthrow it. Primarily, the conflict began on March 15, with various public protests. Demonstrators wanted to end the five decades of the Party rule. Earlier, in April 2011, the Syrian government used regular Army to quell the demonstrations. After many days of military blockades, the demonstrations developed into an armed rebellion. Forces opposing the government became well organized and highly armed, while uniting into larger groups. Besides, many of them received military aid from some foreign countries. Nevertheless, the opposition failed to choo se a single leader. The government described the insurgencies as armed terrorist groups. The US, European Union, Arab league and other countries condemned the use of violence against the demonstrators. These countries have advised against sanctions. The Arab league suspended Syrias membership due to the governments response to the crisis.

Financial Analysis of Tyler Technologies, Inc - 1650 Words

Financial Analysis of Tyler Technologies, Inc (Term Paper Sample) Content: Financial Analysis of Tyler Technologies, Inc Student’s Name Course Name and Number Instructor’s Name Date Submitted Abstract A financial analysis also known as financial statement analysis is a process of identifying a company’s strengths and weaknesses through a comprehensive analysis of its reported financial information. This information includes quarterly and annual reports such as balance sheets, income statements, and statement of cash flows. Financial analysis shows whether a business enterprise has sufficient cash to meet the set goals, enough capital structure, a noteworthy account receivable collection period, sufficient plant/equipment, and, if the company has an effective inventory management system. Knowledge of all this items is essential in the process of maximizing profits, as well as, achieving the set objectives. This paper aims at analyzing financial statements of Tyler Technologies Inc, using horizontal analysis, and the ratio analysis approach. Table of Contents  TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u HYPERLINK \l "_Toc406363024"Company Overview  PAGEREF _Toc406363024 \h
4 Definition of HYPERLINK \l "_Toc406363025"horizontal Analysis  PAGEREF _Toc406363025 \h
4 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc406363026"Importance of Horizontal Analysis  PAGEREF _Toc406363026 \h
5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc406363027"Horizontal analysis of Taylor’s Income Statement  PAGEREF _Toc406363027 \h
5 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc406363028"Horizontal Analysis of Tyler’s Balance Sheet  PAGEREF _Toc406363028 \h
6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc406363029"Tyler’s Ratio Analysis  PAGEREF _Toc406363029 \h
7 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc406363030"Recommendation  PAGEREF _Toc406363030 \h
9 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc406363030"Conclusion  PAGEREF _Toc406363030 \h
9 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc406363031"References 10  Company Overview Tyler Technologies is one of the largest companies in the technology sector in the United States, and it provides information technology services, and integrated software for the public sector. The company operates in two segments, which include the Appraisal and Tax Software Solutions (ATSS), and Enterprise Software Solutions (ESS). ESS offers Schools, and Municipal/County governments with software systems designed to meet their information technology needs, while ATSS provides software/systems that automate appraisal/assessment of real and personal property, and property appraisal outsourcing services for taxing authorities, as well as, local governments. Tyler’s competitors include Microsoft Corporation, Oracle Corporation, SAP SE, IBM Software, and CA Technologies. The company was founded in 1966, and it has its headquarters in Plano Texas (Tylertech.com, 2014). Definition of Horizontal Analysis Horizontal analysis also known as trend-analysis is a financial statement analysis technique, which evaluates a series of financial statements over a gi ven period. The main aim of this approach is to determine the change (increase or decrease) that has occurred in various financial statement items over the selected period. This change is expressed either in dollar amounts or as a percentage of the base amount. Base amount is the amount corresponding to the base year, which is mostly the first year in the selected set of data (Weygandt, Kieso & Kimmel, 2010). Percentage change = (Amount of change/Base year amount) X 100 Importance of Horizontal Analysis The main purpose of Horizontal analysis is attention directing. This is because it quickly and efficiently draws attention on the financial statement items that require comprehensive investigation. Consequently, the company’s management is able to direct resources to the most appropriate areas in the company. Furthermore, horizontal analysis assists a company in controlling costs. It is evident that companies that have remarkable sales growth do not often control their costs . Consequently, fixed expenses, which include overhead and various indirect expenses may increase because of the lax management approach. However, adoption of horizontal analysis enables a company to identify the specific fixed expenses that might be increasing as sales continue to grow. Knowledge of the various fixed expenses, which may be increasing over time, provides a means of increasing a company’s profitability by limiting them (IMA, 2012). Horizontal analysis of Tyler’s Income Statement 201120122013Revenue$309,391100%$363,304117%$416,643135%Cost of goods sold$167,479100%$195,602117%$223,440133%Gross profit$141,912100%$167,702118%$193,203136%Operating expenses$95,395100%$111,125116%$126,075132%Operating income$46,517100%$56,577122%$67,128144%Earnings before tax$44,113100%$53,868122%$65,819149%Income tax $16,556100%$20,874126%$26,718161%Net Income$27,557100%$32,994120%$39,101142% Interpretatio n From the above analysis, it is observed that the revenue has increased by 17% in 2012, and by 35% in 2013. The cost of goods sold has increased by 17% in 2012, and 33% in 2013. Operating expenses have increased by 16% and 32% in 2012 and 2013 respectively. Operating income has also increased by 22% and 44% in 2012 and 2013 respectively. This indicates that the overall profitability of the company, which is of key concern especially to the potential investors, is good. Horizontal Analysis of Tyler’s Balance Sheet (Amounts in thousand dollars) 201120122013AssetsCurrent Assets Cash and Cash Equivalents $1,326100%$6,406483%$78,8765948%Short Term Investments $25100%$0$0Net Receivables$95,107100%$105,573111%$124,050130%Other Current Assets$10,634100%$10,07495%$14,309135%Total Current Assets$107,092100%$122,053114%$217,235203%Long Term Investments$4,048100%$3,22480%$1,87646%Property Plant and Equipment$40,9151 00%$45,382111%$64,844158%Goodwill$106,094100%$121,011114%$121,011114%Intangible Assets$35,628100%$45,800129%$38,986109%Other Assets$1,614100%$1,19774%$53633%Total Fixed Assets$188,299100%$216,613115%$227,253121%Total Assets$295,391100%$338,666115%$444,488150%Liabilities Current LiabilitiesAccounts Payable$27,962100%$29,185104%$35,372127%Other Current Liabilities $123,678100%$140,550114%$156,738127%Total Current Liabilities $151,640100%$169,735112%$192,110127%Long Term Debt$60,700100%$18,00030%$0-100%Deferred Long Term Liability Charges$4,941100%5,632114%$6,059123%Total Liabilities$217,281100%$193,36789%$198,169 91%Stockholder’s Equity Common Stock $481100%$481100%$481100%Retained Earnings $130,115100%$163,109125%$202,210155%Treasury($204,990)100%($172,041)84%($138,502)68%Capital Surplus$152,859100%$154,018101%$182,176119%Other S tockholder Equity($355)100%($268)75%($46)13%Total Stockholder Equity $78,110100%$145,299186%$246,319315%Total Liabilities and Shareholder’s Equity$295,391100%$338,666115%$444,488150% Interpretation With respect to the base year (2011), the total current assets increased by 14% in 2012, and by 103% in 2013. The current liabilities have increased only by 12% in 2012 and by 27% in 2013. This shows that the company will have no challenges meeting its day-to-day expenses because of the remarkable increase in its current assets. The Fixed assets have increased by 15% in 2012 and by 21% in 2013. At the same time, Total Liabilities and Shareholder’s Equity have increased considerably by 15% in 2012 and by 50% in 2013. This clearly indicates that the company has taken up expansion plans in an outstanding way. Tyler’s Ratio Analysis Financial ratios for 2012 Current ratio = Current assets/Current liabilities = $122,053Ã ·$169,735 = 0.75:1 Quick ratio = Quick assets/current liabilities = ($6,406+$105,573) Ã ·$169,735 = 0.66:1 Cash to current liabilities ratio (Cash ratio) = (Cash + Cash Equivalents + Invested Funds)/Current Liabilities =$6,406 Ã · $169,735 = 0.04:1 Financial ratios for 2013 Current ratio = Current assets/Current liabilities = $217,235Ã ·$192,110 = 1.13:1 Quick ratio = Quick assets/current liabilities = ($78,876+$124,050) Ã · $192,110 = 1.06:1 Cash to current liabilities ratio (Cash ratio) = (Cash + Cash Equivalents + Invested Funds)/Current Liabilities = $78,876 Ã · $192,110 = 0.41:1 Interpretation Th...

Analysis Of The Book The Veil By Marjane Satrapi

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Oedipus the King by Sophocles - 614 Words

â€Å"Oedipus the King† is a tragic Athenian play written and produced around 425 B.C. by Sophocles; a tragic dramatist, priest, and one of the three great ancient Greek writers whose excellent work has survived the centuries. The play takes place in mythical ancient Greece in a city called Thebes. It’s about a prophecy foretelling the murder of king Laius by his own son, Oedipus (protagonist), and the incestuous marriage between mother (Jocasta) and son (oedipus). The discovery of the truth brought upon Jocasta’s and Oedipus’s downfall; Jocasta killed herself and Oedipus blinded both eyes with the golden brooches attached to his mother’s gown. He blinded himself because he could not bear to witness the destruction of himself and his family; the meaning behind his choice of surgical instrument is based upon punishing himself for setting eyes on his mother’s nakedness during their marriage (the brooches are what mainly kept the gowns on) . Before discovering the truth, or even becoming king of Thebes, Oedipus ( meaning â€Å"swollen foot†) had his foot pinned together and was left to succumb in the wilderness of Mount Cithaeron in hopes of evading the prophecy. Instead, he was delivered by a shepherd to King Polybus and Queen Merope of Corinth. Once fully grown, he set out on a journey to the shrine at Delphi, only to be told he would lie with his own mother, â€Å"breed children from whom all men would turn their eyes (pg. 1226),† and that he will be his father’s murderer.Show MoreRelatedOedipus The King By Sophocles848 Words   |  4 PagesOedipus the King, written by Sophocles, follows the tragic story of a king named Oedipus who goes from an all-powerful ruler to a hopeless blind peasant. Oedipus the King was written as a play and performed in front of an audience. Sophocles shows in Oedipus the King that one cannot escape the fate of the gods. 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The Significance of the Character Shadrack in the Novel...

The Significance of The Character Shadrack in The Novel Sula By Toni Morrison The book Sula by Toni Morrison is regarded as one of Morrison’s best work because of the content and structure of the book. Shadrack is an important character in the novel although his appearance in the plot is fairly brief. His significance in the novel stems from the fact that he represents one of the recurring themes of the novel, which is the need for order. Since the need to order and focus experience is an important theme, the character Shadrack illustrates the terror of chaos through his self-proclaimed day â€Å"National Suicide Day† in his small town, which portrays the importance of fear, chaos, and death in the book Sula by Toni Morrison. Shadrack, one†¦show more content†¦His holiday, National Suicide Day, becomes part of the language and landscape in The Bottom. The sight and sound of Shadrack walking down the street ringing his bells and proclaiming National Suicide Day are quite normal. The importance of fear is represented through many events in the book. For example, Sharack was a veteran of World War I, so in 1917, he was in battle with his fellow comrades in the treacherous grounds of France (Sula 7). The battle was just detrimental in all sorts of ways because at any time anyone, including Shadrack, could die from a bomb or grenade. For instance in one of the battles fought, which would be the last one Shadrack fought in the war, while running through the fields in pain because a nail pierced the ball of his foot, he witnessed the head of one his comrades get blown off from the rest his body. This traumatic event forever changed the way Shadrack saw things. The word fear comes to mind when speaking about how Shadrack reacted after the war was over. The sudden death of a comrade during the war, as well as the widespread violence and terror he has experienced, has left him cowering and shaking, even when he is away from the battlefield. His me ntal breakdown is a direct result of his having viewed death constantly and up close. While he is in the hospital, Shadrack prefers to be in a straight jacket; he needs the order and predictability of confinement instead of the

Essay about The Key Change Needed for an Alcohic to Recover

The spiritual experience is about the personality change that occurs in mind of an alcoholic. This change is the ultimate key that unlocks the door to recovery. Additionally, the appendix describes how the process of recovery is paved with religious experiences. It is believed that a religious experience must be sudden or spectacular. However, the appendix states that everyones experience is personal and unique. However, this is a very difficult experience to embrace. This is the very element that forces alcoholics to finally confront and overcome their inner demons. Alcoholics hopeless attempts to control his/her addictive behavior are made more difficult by his/her inability to become spiritually available. This phenomenon is very†¦show more content†¦It is this very power that makes the journey towards living a sober life a little more comfortable. Therapists also have to reframe an addicts psychological state to improve his/her concepts and ideas about accepting a Great er power. Additionally, a therapist can remind alcoholics that this greater forgives and provides sanity at all times. In addition to mastering these skills a therapist must also motivate an addict to find and use his/her personal form of spiritual guidance. This journey of seeking serenity could lead an addict to a state of clarity, understanding, and spiritual awakening. Integration of concepts. As a potential therapist who may work with addicts it will be important for me to first understand the importance of the 12-step program. Understanding the power and resources that Alcoholics Anonymous provides for addicts will it will help me to understand my scope of practice when working with an alcoholic. To further add, by working with a client who is actively participating in a meeting it can help with breaking through resistance barriers. The support that a client gains from group members can help foster spiritual growth. Understanding an addicts spiritual beliefs, I can be better accepting of his/her level of autonomy. This level of acceptance can be enhancing through self-disclosure as well. A therapist can use tools of validation and instillation of hope to lessen the clients chances of regressing. In

Compare and Contract the Giver Free Essays

Compare and Contrast If I had to pick a world over my society and Jonas’ Society I would pick Jonas’s world. The reason I would pick Jonas’s world because one, in our world we get to pick or spouses but yet 50% of the time spouses get divorced. In Jonas’s world we are chosen a spouse by the committee and they will match us with the perfect couple. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contract the Giver or any similar topic only for you Order Now On page 48, the Committee of Elders could take up to years before they find a perfect spouse for you, which means that there will be no fights between husband and wife. I also think How they create Families in our world are created differently in his World. In our world we get to keep our baby and yet sometimes we can get unwanted babies otherwise in Jonas’ world we get to have one girl and boy but yet apply for it. There’s only one reason that is I don’t get in Jonas world. On page 44, the page states that when you loss someone you will chant there name throughout the day softer and softer as the days goes by but yet they will replace him with another child with the same name I think that’s somewhat a good idea yet not a good idea. It is a good idea because one, they have a big celebration for the loss but sadly Replaces them. On the other hand, in our world We celebrate our deaths with funerals and memorials and we never see them again. I don’t think replacing someone else in Jonas’ world will literally replace the person who passed away. So, to wrap it off I would rather live in Jonas’s world for a nice healthy drama free life. How to cite Compare and Contract the Giver, Essay examples

The Civil Rights Movement

Question: Discuss about The Civil Rights Movement. Answer: The Civil Rights Movement was one of the most important events that were initiated by Sir Martin Luther king. According to his view he wanted the environment to be user-friendly and he also wished that all his sons should be treated equally irrespective of the color of their skin. After the introduction of the civil right movement, it has been figured out that the racism among individuals have been reduced to a great extent (King and King, 1993). It can be also seen that people understood the entire concept of the movement and they began respecting other people on their deed and not on their skin color. The several public areas such as the parks, monuments, businesses and many others areas have became free from racism to quite an extent after the implementation of the civil right movement. For instance a presentation of a European football match can be taken under consideration where before starting the game all the players took initiative to make sure that there is no racism among t hem neither in the field nor in their lives and to make other people aware of this cause they wore arm band that stated No to Racism (Shelton and ColoÃÅ' n, 2010). Every people attached to the community must follow and spread the message of no racism to every corner of the world so that we can abolish racism right from its grassroots. Since the era of Civil Right Movement in 1960 a lot of changes can be seen in the society and the community at present possesses a broader set of mind. Social organizations and the society are more helpful in maintaining a secure facility for the senior citizens of the community. References King, M. and King, C. (1993).The Martin Luther King, Jr., companion. New York: St. Martin's Press. Shelton, P. and ColoÃÅ' n, R. (2010).Child of the civil rights movement. New York: Schwartz Wade Books.

Services Marketing of HHFC

Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to assess the current service provision of Holborn Health Fitness Club (HHFC) to develop service-marketing plan for this company. In order to do so, this report will concentrate on the key information of the industry, brief description of the service concept of the company, and analyze current service marketing mix and so on.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Services Marketing of HHFC specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, this report will focus on the key issues and identify problems of HHFC to recommend some strategies to improve its current performance and increase profits in the future. However, the major problems of this company are lack of customer base, number of competitors, content of website, rules and regulations, shortage of promotional initiatives, higher charges for several services excluding membership charges, high remuneration of the employe es, complexity of operating services, decline in living standards and economic growth, and so on. Therefore, this paper will suggest different strategies for development, such as, arranging integrated marketing communications (IMC) campaign, restructuring pricing strategies, joint venture with other companies and changing staff selection procedure. Company Background Holborn Health Fitness Club (HHFC) is the largest independent fitness club in London and it offers numerous services including personalised exercise programme along with a range of exercise classes, Spa combining ancient beauty traditions, regular aerobics programme, swimming pool facilities, teaching pool, meeting, and luxury London hotel accommodation and so on (HHFC, 2010). In addition, it provides five star hotel accommodations, which includes modern facilities, such as, outstanding dining facilities, flexible conference hall, comprehensive range of health and beauty treatments, bar, cafà ©, and high-speed interne t access (HHFC, 2010). However, Grange Health Clubs operates number of partners such as HHFC, St. Paul’s Health and Fitness Club, City Health and Fitness Club, Grange Health Clubs, Golden Lane Leisure Centre, and Tower Bridge Health and Fitness Club etc (GHC, 2011).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the statistics of Market Research (2007), the healthcare and fitness market of the United Kingdom was worth an estimated  £3.450 bn in 2006 and expected 4% to 5% growth by 2007 and government invested more to encourage higher participation in sports and fitness activities considering London Olympics 2012. At the same time, LMIL (2009, p.15) stated that fitness and healthcare industry has bright prospect in the future due to increasing populations age and obesity rates along with developing health consciousness among the people. Current position Analysis Theor ies Consumer Behaviour: Kotler Armstrong (2009) provided Stimulus-response model to analyse consumer behaviour and Solomon, Bamossy Askegaard (2001) stated that there are six different elements of external factors those influence consumer’s behaviour, such as – Figure 1: Consumer Behaviour Model Source: Self generated from Solomon, Bamossy Askegaard (2001) Human Resource Management: Lovelock Wirtz (2007) stated that companies should recruit right person for right pace, motivate the employees and develop performance; however, following figure shows HRM model for the company. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Services Marketing of HHFC specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Figure 2: Human Resource Management Source: Lovelock Wirtz (2007) However, the management of HHFC has not enough experienced and failed to maintain proper HR plan; therefore, it experienced significant losses last year. Manag ing Customer Relationship: Lovelock Wirtz (2007) stated that CRM is a deliberated corporate strategy and administrative viewpoint that seeks to develop long-term relationship with customers to boost sales; additionally, it enhances the affiliation with diverse markets and final consumers; so, HHFC should integrate the following framework for CRM strategy: Figure 3: Integrated-Framework Source: Lovelock Wirtz (2007)Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Four Categories of Services and Marketing Mix Lovelock, Wirtz Chew (2009) stated that the nature of services is different and recipient of the services are different; therefore, they provided four categories of services, such as – People processing Possession processing Mental stimulus processing Information processing However, the following figure gives more information about four categories of services along with examples – Figure 4: Four categories of services Source: Lovelock Wirtz (2004, p.11) According to the above figure, Holborn Health Fitness Club provides people processing services; however, it provides hotel, fitness, healthcare, and other services. Furthermore, Macchi Lah (2010) pointed out that service based company should invest considering marketing mix categories, for instance – Figure 5: marketing mix categories Source: Macchi Lah (2010) Website content of HHFC is not informative to support selling services; Existing customers of HHFC are satisfied its services and most of time they provide positive feedback regarding quality of services; however, it has not sufficient customers to recover this company from continues losses; It has not taken any milestone programme to develop market awareness; HHFC has Facebook account, but it has not arranged any internet based campaign to create market demand or develop brand Positioning Strategy: HHFC is one of the well-known brands in London though it needs to create a significant brand value not only in terms of fair price, but also in terms of other intangible benefits; however, following figure shows that HHFC provides moderate services with high price (instead of member costs other offerings). Figure 6: Positioning strategy Source: Self generated from Lovelock Wirtz (2004, p.12) Key Issues/ Problem identification and Conclusion Key Issues/ Problem identification The promotional strategies of this company is outdated and the content of the website is not informative to reach target market; therefore, the customers get mostly no information about this company from he existing website of this company and it helps the competitors to gain competitive advantages; In addition, HHFC uses static website instead of dynamic website and it has no online payment option, which decreases its sales; In the monopolistic health and fitness industry, it is too important for the companies to obtain additional customers along with retaining them by using several marketing techniques, but HHFC is not using latest customer relationship management tools; The local governments have played traditional role of the foremost investors for sports and recreational, so, this company needs to compete with both public and private competitors; This company asks nominal joining fees, but the service range is not adequate considering offerings of the competitors, for example, it has outstanding accommodation facilities, but it has lack of sports services and personal training equip ments comparing with competitors. As a result, it fails to attract huge number of customers though it offers a holistic approach to health, fitness, and well-being within a modern and deluxe atmosphere; Customer retention and new customer attraction mainly depend on four distinct categories of the marketing mix, but this company has not special focus on the issue; This company needs number of efficient employees to control major fields and it requires paying huge remuneration. Conclusion As the content of the website is not excellent to attract customer, HHFG fails to attract new customers, tourists, the people who would like to enjoy leisure, health conscious people, children and other target audience, which adversely affects on the return on investment of the company. At the same time, the management of Holborn Health Fitness Club has not taken any IMC campaign to develop brand awareness while competitors arranged such programs; therefore, the business condition of HHFC is not s atisfactory as it has been experienced losses from 2006. At the same time, it has faced numerous problems related with operating services, for instance, the company has to expend large amount for maintenance of equipments along with other costs and it has well set-up to provide services for numerous customers, but only few customers take its services. Recommendation Objectives of the Recommendation Plan One of the key problems of this company is the lack of sufficient customers, which results in a hindrance in the process of revenue generation for this company; as an ensuing effect, the company is unable to develop to a substantial level. In order to attract more customers and make them loyal towards the company, it is certainly necessary to arrange integrated marketing communications campaigns and undertake a number of branding strategies to make this gymnasium popular among people. Successful implementations of the proposed campaigns would not only help to better aware people abou t its usefulness, but also assist the formulation of a distinctive brand that would cause imaginary differentiation of the services and provide competitive advantage over the huge number of competitors. The company should make huge investments in the RD department to help the IT integration and ensure that the website of the company is enhanced in terms of the contents and addition of online membership and payment option, which would complement the marketing campaigns. It should try to restructure the pricing strategies as part of a marketing campaign to offer lower prices and discount offers. Although, according to HHFC (2010), the company is currently undertaking some discount offers, these need to be more attractive on regular basis and customer-oriented. The corporate expenditures can be lowered by lowering the wage rate of employees and by joint venture with other companies (which have economic efficiency and greater capacity utilization). It should focus on developing HR strat egies to improve staff selection procedure, complexity of operating services, etc. to get rid of existing problems of HR management. In order to resolve the problems associated with lack of sufficient customers, revenue generation, huge number of competitors, poor website contents, and ineffective pricing strategies, it should come up with Service Marketing Plan that deals with campaigning through television advertisement, print media, radio campaigns, and online marketing campaigns through Google+, Foursquare, Twitter, Facebook, Myspace, Hi5. The Service Marketing Plan is outlined below: Marketing through television advertisement – this draws people of all ages, including middle-aged men and women spending their leisure, or working people watching TV; this campaign would also be effective for generation aging from twenty to thirty- five as well as the teenagers; moreover, through this campaign the company can reach many people instantly Print media – it could be a gr eat campaigning media for attracting numerous customers if the company is able to advertise properly with descriptions of physical benefits of joining the gyms and attractive photographs; moreover, the company can also come up with press kits, brochures, and posters Radio – this marketing will address those busy people who, for instance, listen radio in roads; furthermore, radio-advertising would develop potential-outcomes for the campaign with sense of flexibility and this can also have a good capture over public Internet advertisement – it will need online marketing, including website content development, search engine optimization, advertisement through social networking sites, writing blogs, and e-mails; moreover, by advertising through Twitter, Myspace, Google+, Foursquare, Facebook, or Hi5, the company could get a improved place where additional public awareness can come up The key objectives that can be attained because of implementation of this Service Marketi ng Plan include the following: The key objective of this plan is to increase customers base by 40% within the next two years To increase its annual sales revenue from the provided services by 50% within next three years In addition, the plan has aimed to build and enhance brand awareness in order to gain competitive advantage over the huge number of competitors It has objectives to ensure better compliance with the existing rules and regulations of the country, hire more skilled human resources to fight shortage of employees, restructure the charges for several services, and lower down 25% costs by cutting the high remuneration of the employees within the next year Implementation According to HHFC (2010), this fitness centre is highly luxurious with many unique features; however, for being successful in terms of profit making, it needs to eliminate present problems and implement the objectives: Objectives Implementation Increase customers base by 40% within the next two years Investing heavily on suggested marketing campaigns and conducting discussion- sessions with marketing department’s staff Increase annual revenue by 50% within next three years Not only attracting people, but also retaining an increasing number of customers with lower prices and discount offers Build and enhance brand awareness to gain competitive advantage Designing the campaigns creatively considering consumer psychology regarding good brands Ensure better compliance with rules and regulations, hire skilled HR, restructure the charges for several services, and lower down 25% costs by cutting the high remuneration of the employees within the next year Taking advise from legal consultants regarding laws, modifying selection process, offering attractive charges for several services, cutting extra expenses to ensure economic efficiency Table 1: Implementation Source: Self generated Reference List GHC (2011) Grange Health and Fitness Clubs. [Online] Web. HHFC (2010) Abo ut Holborn Health Fitness Club. [Online] Web. HHFC (2010) Special Offers and Packages. [Online] Web. Kotler, P. Armstrong, G. (2009) Principles of Marketing. 13th ed. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall. LMIL (2009) The Future of Fitness. [pdf] Lovelock, C. Wirtz, J. (2004) Services Marketing: People, Technology, Strategy. [pdf] Lovelock, C. Wirtz, J. (2007) Services Marketing: People, Technology, Strategy: Chapter 11. [pdf] Lovelock, C. Wirtz, J. (2007) Services Marketing: People, Technology, Strategy: Chapter 12. [pdf] Lovelock C., Wirtz J. Chew, P. (2009) Essentials of Services Marketing. 1st ed. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Macchi, K. Lah, T. E. (2010) Service Line White Papers. [Online] Web. Market Research (2007) Heath Fitness Market Focus on Clubs and Equipment UK 2007. [Online] Web. Solomon, M. R. Bamossy, G. Askegaard, S. (2001) Consumer Behaviour. 2nd ed. London: Prentice Hall. This report on Services Marketing of HHFC was written and submitted by user The Hunter to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How Computers Affect Human Being Essay Example

How Computers Affect Human Being Essay Example How Computers Affect Human Being Essay How Computers Affect Human Being Essay Essay Topic: Black Panther Film The night is dark and silent. A young boy and his father are alone in a hut in the middle of the jungle. Soon the father leaves his son alone and goes out into the jungle. Where does he go and why? OBJECTIVES At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: read and understand a story in English; use homophones correctly; use the to-infinite, gerunds and participles appropriately; edit your writing; and give and take messages. 13. 1 SECTION I Tembu, the boy, opened his eyes in the dark and wondered if his father was ready to leave the hut on his nightly errand. There was no moon that night, and the deathly stillness of the surrounding jungle was broken only occasionally by the shrill cry of a cicada. Sometimes from far off came the hollow hammering of a woodpecker, carried along on the faint breeze. Or the grunt of a wild boar could be heard as he dug up a favourite root. But these sounds were rare, and the silence of the forest always returned to swallow them up. ENGLISH 111 The Tiger in the Tunnel The Tiger in the Tunnel Baldeo, the watchman, was awake. He stretched himself slowly unwinding the heavy shawl that covered him. It was close on midnight and the chill air made him shiver. The station, a small shack backed by heavy jungle, was a station in name only; for trains only stopped there, if at all, for a few seconds before entering the deep cutting that led to the tunnel. Most trains merely slowed down before taking the sharp curve before cutting. Baldeo was responsible for signalling whether or not the tunnel was clear of obstruction, and his manual signal stood before the entrance. At night it was his duty to see that the lamp was burning, and that the overland mail passed through safely. ‘Shall I come too, Father? ’ asked Tembu sleepily, still lying in a huddle in a corner of the hut. ‘No, it is cold tonight. Do not get up. ’ Tembu, who was twelve, did not always sleep with his father at the station, for he had also to help in the home, where his mother and small sister were usually alone. They lived in a small tribal village on the outskirts of the forest, about three miles from the station. Their small rice fields did not provide them with more than a bare living and Baldeo considered himself lucky to have got the job of Khalasi at this small wayside signal stop. Still drowsy, Baldeo, groped for his lamp in darkness then fumbled about in search of matches. When he had produced a light he left the hut, closed the door behind him and set off along the permanent way. Tembu had fallen asleep again. Notes INTEXT QUESTIONS 13. 1 I. a. What is the father’s name? . What is his son’s name? c. How old is the son? II. a. Where did Baldeo spend the night? b. What was Baldeo responsible for? III. a. Where did Baldeo’s family live? b. Why did Baldeo have to take up the job of a Khalasi? IV. Pick out three phrases which describe the station from the list below. dark and cold; a small shack; surrounded by rice fields; in the middle of a thick forest; near a tunn el; in a tribal village. 112 ENGLISH The Tiger in the Tunnel The Tiger in the Tunnel 13. 2 SECTION II At midnight, Baldeo goes out of his hut, into the thick forest. The jungle is full of dangerous animals, but Baldeo has a job to do and it is important. Notes Baldeo wondered whether the lamp on the signal- post was still alight. Gathering his shawl closer about him, he stumbled on, sometimes along the rails, sometimes along the ballast. He longed to get back to his warm corner in the hut. The eeriness of the place was increased by the neighbouring hills which overhung the main line threateningly. On entering the cutting with its sheer rock walls towering high above the rails, Baldeo could not help thinking about the wild animals he might encounter. He had heard many tales of the famous tunnel tiger, a man-eater, which was supposed to frequent this spot; he hardly believed these stories for since his arrival at this place a month ago, he had not seen or even heard a tiger. There had, of course, been panthers, and only a few days ago the villagers had killed one with their spears and axes. Baldeo had occasionally heard the sawing of a panther calling to its mate, but they had not come near the tunnel or shed. Baldeo walked confidently for being a tribal himself, he was used to the jungle and its ways. Like his fore-fathers he carried a small axe; fragile to look at but deadly when in use. He prided himself in his skill in wielding it against wild animals. He had killed a young boar with it once and the family had feasted on the flesh for three days. The axehead of pure steel, thin but ringing true like a bell, had been made by his father over a charcoal fire. This axe was part of himself. And wherever he went, be it to the local market seven miles away, or to a tribal dance, the axe was always in his hand. Occasionally an official who had come to the station had offered him good money for the weapon, but Baldeo had no intention of parting with it. The cutting curved sharply, and in the darkness the black entrance to the tunnel looked up menacingly. The signal-light was out. Baldeo set to work to haul the lamp down by its chain. If the oil had finished, he would have to return to the hut for more. The mail train was due in five minutes. Once more he fumbled for his matches. Then suddenly he stood still and listened. The frightened cry of a barking deer followed by a crashing sound in the undergrowth, made Baldeo hurry. There was still a little oil in the lamp, and after an instant’s hesitation he lit the lamp again and hoisted it into position. Having done this, he walked quickly down the tunnel, swinging his own lamp, so that the shadows leapt up and down the soot-stained walls, and having made sure that the line was clear, he returned to the entrance and sat down to wait for the mail train. ENGLISH 113 The Tiger in the Tunnel The Tiger in the Tunnel The train was late. Sitting huddled up, almost dozing, he soon forgot his surroundings and began to nod. Back in the hut, the trembling of the ground told of the approach of the train, and a low, distant rumble woke the boy, who sat up rubbing the sleep from his eyes. Father, it’s time to light the lamp,’ he mumbled and then, realizing that his father had been gone some time, he lay down again, but he was wide awake now, waiting for the train to pass, waiting for his father’s returning footsteps. Notes INTEXT QUESTIONS 13. 2 1. Name the four wild animals which were to be found in the forest. 2. Was Baldeo afraid? Which sentence in the passage gives you the answer? 3. What weapon did he carry? Who had made it? 4. Did the barking deer call out because: a) it saw Baldeo? b) it saw a tiger? c) it was afraid of the dark? ) it was calling to its mate? 5. a) How did Tembu know that the train was coming. b) What is he waiting for? 13. 3 SECTION III Baldeo finds himself in a dangerous situation. How does he deal with it? A low grunt resounded from the top of the cutting. In a second Baldeo was awake, all his senses alert. Only a tiger could emit such a sound There was no shelter for Baldeo, but he grasped his axe firmly and tensed his body, trying to make out the direction from which the animal was approaching. For some time there was only silence. Even the usual jungle noises seemed to have ceased altogether. Then a thump and the rattle of small stones announced that the tiger had sprung into the cutting. Baldeo, listening as he had never listened before, wondered if it was making for the tunnel or the opposite direction the direction of the hut, in which Tembu would 114 ENGLISH The Tiger in the Tunnel be lying unprotected. He did not have to wonder for long. Before a minute had passed he made out the huge body of the tiger trotting steadily towards him. Its eyes shone a brilliant green in the light from the signal lamp. Flight was useless, for in the dark the tiger would be more sure-footed than Baldeo and would soon be upon him from behind. Baldeo stood with his back to the signal –post, motionless staring at the great brute moving rapidly towards him. The tiger, used to the ways of men, for it had been preying on them for years, came on fearlessly, and with a quick run and a snarl struck out with its right paw, expecting to bowl over this puny man who dared stand in the way. Baldeo, however, was ready. With a marvellously agile leap he avoided the paw and brought his axe down on the animal’s shoulder. The tiger gave a roar and attempted to close in. Again Baldeo drove his axe which caught the tiger on the shoulder, almost severing the leg. To make matters worse, the axe remained stuck in the bone, and Baldeo was left without a weapon. The tiger, roaring with pain, now sprang upon Baldeo, bringing him down and then tearing at his broken body. It was all over in a sharp few minutes. Baldeo was conscious only of a searing pain down his back, and then there was blackness and the night closed in on him forever. The Tiger in the Tunnel Notes INTEXT QUESTIONS 13. 3 1. What made Baldeo’s job as a signal man dangerous? . Pick out words and phrases from the text that describe the tiger. 3. What was Baldeo more worried about: his own safety or his son’s? 4. Why did Baldeo decide to fight the tiger? 5. How did Baldeo die? 13. 4 SECTION IV Baldeo, the bread winner of the family was dead. Who took on his responsibilities and how did he tackle them. The tiger drew off and sat down licking his wounded leg, roaring every now and then with agony. He did not notice the faint rumble that shook the earth, followed by the distant puffing of an engine steadily climbing. The overland mail was approaching. Through the trees beyond the cutting as the train advanced, the glow of the furnace could be seen, and showers of sparks fell like Divali lights over the forest. ENGLISH 115 The Tiger in the Tunnel The Tiger in the Tunnel As the train entered the cutting, the engine whistled once, loud and piercingly. The tiger raised his head, then slowly got to his feet. He found himself trapped like the man. Flight along the cutting was impossible. He entered the tunnel, running as fast as his wounded leg would carry him. And then, with a roar and a shower of sparks, the train entered the yawning tunnel. The noise in the confined space was deafening but, when the train came out into the open, on the other side, silence returned once more to the forest and the tunnel. At the next station the driver slowed down and stopped his train to water the engine. He got down to stretch his legs and decided to examine the head-lamps. He received the surprise of his life; for, just above the cow-catcher lay the major portion of the tiger, cut in half by the engine. There was considerable excitement and conjecture at the station, but back at the cutting there was no sound except for the sobs of the boy as he sat beside the body of his father. He sat there a long time, unafraid of the darkness, guarding the body from jackals and hyenas, until the first faint light of dawn brought with it the arrival of the relief-watchman. Tembu and his sister and mother were plunged in grief for two whole days; but life had to go on, and a living had to be made, and all the responsibility now fell on Tembu. Three nights later, he was at the cutting, lighting the signal-lamp for the overland mail. He sat down in the darkness to wait for the train, and sang softly to himself. There was noting to be afraid of – his father had killed the tiger, the forest gods were pleased; and besides, he had the axe with him, his father’s axe, and he now knew to use it. Notes INTEXT QUESTIONS 13. 4 1. Why did the tiger enter the tunnel? 2. What happened to the tiger? 3. Why was there excitement at the station? 4. What was happening at the cutting? 5. Why did Tembu sit by his father’s body? 6. Why did Tembu take up his father’s job soon after his death? 116 ENGLISH The Tiger in the Tunnel The Tiger in the Tunnel OVERALL QUESTIONS 1. Write two incidents to show the quality of responsibility in Baldeo and Tembu. . Most wild animals avoid human beings. Why did this tiger come straight to Baldeo. 3. Give three reasons why Tembu was not afraid of anything. Notes VOCABULARY ENRICHMENT 1. ‘Wood’ and ‘would’ are two words which sound the same, but have different meanings, and are spelt differently. Fill in the blanks in the sen tences below, with the correct words from the pairs of words given. e. g. wood, would This table is made of wood of poor quality. It is so cold tonight that I would not like to go out. 1. Bore: boar a) The film that we went to last night was badly made. It was quite a _____________. ) A wild __________ is a very dangerous animal 2. herd: heard a) A large __________ of spotted deer came out of the forest onto the road last night. b) I __________ that the examinations are to be postponed again this year. 3. root: route a) Some _____________ (s) like that of the tapioca are good to eat. b) The _________ to Jaisalmer is long and complicated. 4. weather: whether a) The ________ has been cold and damp all month. b) Baldeo was responsible for signaling __________ the tunnel was free of obstruction or not. 5. male: mail a) The ______________ has been delayed due to the strike by postmen. ) The _________ birds are always more decorative than the females. ENGLISH 117 The Tiger in the Tunnel T he Tiger in the Tunnel 6. threw: through a) Amar __________ away all the fish curry thinking it had gone bad. b) The train to Mumbai goes __________ many tunnels. Notes 7. bare : bear a) The black Himalayan ________ is very dangerous. b) People have been cutting trees so carelessly that many beautiful forests have become __________ of vegetation. 8. steel : steal a) ___________ utensils are easy to keep clean. b) Ravi knew that there was Rs. 10 in his father’s almirah, and he needed some money. But he did not take it because it is wrong to __________. 9. their : there a) __________ is no time to go shopping before we leave for the station. b) Ravi and Neha are friends. I have forgotten ________ phone numbers. 2. Pick out the odd words from each set of words below:Example : watchman, engine, driver, fireman, boy, cook (boy) 1. tiger, deer, panther, hyena, jackal ________ 2. father, brother, neighbour, son, aunt __________ 3. bullock cart, train, car, aeroplane, scooter. 4. axe, gun, spear, knife, blade 5. grunt, roar, cry, shout, men 6. hut, house, cave, station, garage 7. see, hear, read, taste, feel 8. eap, run, jump, walk, sleep 9. cow, dog, hen, crow, pig GRAMMAR: Non- Finites I. To-Infinitives Look at the following sentences. Study the underlined words. 118 ENGLISH The Tiger in the Tunnel a. Tembu wondered if his father was ready to leave the hut b. At night it was his duty to see the lamp was burning. The underlined words are called Infinitives. They are formed by writ ing to + verb – e. g. 1. He had also to help at home. 2. It’s time to light the lamp i. e. to + help, to + light Note: ‘to’ is followed by the first form of the verb i. e. the original form of a verb without any change. Exercise I Underline the Infinitives in the following sentences. 1. He agreed to postpone the meeting. 2. It is dangerous to play with a gun. 3. We tried to open the door, but it had jammed. 4. We have to learn more about Infinitives. 5. Bank is a place to deposit money. 6. Children go to play in a park. Exercise II Fill in the blanks using the infinitive form of the verb in the box. post help go sleep accompany report park live sit waste 1. I forgot ________ you letter. 2. He wants ________ to the station. 3. She pretended __________. 4. Would you like __________us? 5. He asked her _________ the progress of the project. . Is it safe __________ the car here? 7. _________ without air is impossible. 8. __________ in the sun in winter is pleasant. 9. __________ water is foolish. 10. I shall be glad ___________ you. The Tiger in the Tunnel Notes ENGLISH 119 The Tiger in the Tunnel The Tiger in the Tunnel II. Gerunds Observe the following sentences and see how the underlined words functio n. a) Swimming is good for health Notes b) Sita loves dancing. Swimming and dancing are used as Nouns although they are derived from verbs. A word which was a verb does the work of a Noun by adding ‘ing’. It is used in the same way as a noun. Hence we say – He likes driving. Writing poems is his hobby. Exercise I Underline the gerunds in the following sentences. 1. Anju likes reading novels by Thomas Hardy. 2. Boys like playing cricket. 3. Riding is an interesting hobby. 4. Giving is better than receiving. 5. Singing gives us joy. Exercise II Use the gerundial form of the verb in the brackets and fill in the blanks: 1. __________ (bath) is necessary for good health. 2. _______ (see) is _________(believe). 3. We go to school for __________ (study). 4. He dislikes _______ (wear) a green shirt. 5. Baldeo was responsible for _________ (signal). . He heard the __________ (hammer) of a woodpecker. 7. He stopped __________ (tremble) when he was that the tiger was dead. 8. The leopard waited at the _______________ (cut). 9. __________ (shop) had made her tired. 10. _________ (study) grammar is fun. III. The Present Participle You saw/that by adding ‘ing,’ we can use the verbs as Nouns also. Now look at 120 ENG LISH The Tiger in the Tunnel the underlined words in the following sentences. The ‘ing’ words function like adjectives or adverbs. They are present participles. a) He heard a barking deer. b) The toy was a dancing girl in a glass case. Exercise I Pick out the present participles in the following sentences. 1. The boy sitting in the corner is my friend. 2. He jumped into a moving bus. 3. The frightening cry was followed by a crashing sound in the under growth. 4. They disapproved of playing cards. Exercise II Fill in the blanks with the present participle of the words in the box speak menace excite learn yawn write 1. We got some _________ news last evening. 2. We had a ________ activity in class today. 3. The black entrance to the tunnel looked _______. 4. The train entered the ___________ tunnel. 5. She was busy __________ letters. 6. It was a _________ experience for us. V. The Past Participle Observe the following sentences a) They found hidden treasure under the stone. b) They ate cooked food. c) They cut a fallen tree. d) These are burnt sticks. The past participle (hidden, cooked, fallen) use – ed, en or – t (hide+en, cook+ed, fall+en, burn+t) to express a completed action as an adjective to qualify- treasure, food, tree, sticks. The Tiger in the Tunnel Notes ENGLISH 121 The Tiger in the Tunnel The Tiger in the Tunnel A. Pick out the past participles in the following sentences and underline them. a. A frightened child ran to his mother. b. He is a changed man now. Notes c. Don’t use a broken scale. B. Fill in the blanks with the past participle form of the verbs in the box. write, complete, paint steal break a) Submit a _________ report. b) The police found the ________ goods. c) Please submit your _________ assignment. d) Don’t play with ________ toys. e) It is a _________ picture not a photograph. LET’S WRITE Editing Spelling Compare the sentences given in the boxes below: I. The cuting curved sharpli, and in the darknes the black entrence to the tunel looked up menacingly II The cutting curved sharply, and in the darkness the black entrance to the tunnel looked up menacingly. Do you notice that the sentence in box I had a lot of spelling mistakes. But in box II the same sentence has seen corrected and all the spelling are corrected. That is, the sentence have been edited. a) Now edit the following sentences by correcting the spelling. It swa about 10 o’clock on Hali day and the gaty had began. The grounds of the twonshipe were filing up with people splashing colurs at each other. Forteen year old Minal Pawar, who lives in one of the ground –floor flats was hanging out the whashed cloths in the courtyard. She planed to join the fun as soon as she finished. 22 ENGLISH The Tiger in the Tunnel Now you have edited the spelling mistakes . You can also edit the punctuation marks like capital letters, commas, full stops, question marks, use of ‘I’, like the one give below. e. g. Box I ‘shall i come too father asked tembu sleeply still lying hunddled in a corner of the hut. Box II ‘Shall I come too, Father? ’ asked Tem bu sleepily, still lying huddled in a a corner of the hut. The sentences in Box I have been edited by putting the punctuation marks. They have been underlined in Box II. Now edit the following passage by correcting the punctuation. Exercise I are you going far asked the doctor i’m going all the way to Detroit said the man a rather thin man with small black eyes filled with tears from the wind. The Tiger in the Tunnel Notes LET’S TALK Worksheet Listen to conversation number on giving and taking messages on tape. Then fill in the blanks below Ravi wanted to speak to _____. ________ offered to pass on Ravi’s message to _______. Ravi said that Ajit should contact __________ regarding a trip to __________. Ravi also said that Suresh will give Abhay all details including how much __________ will be needed for the trip. CHECK YOUR ANSWERS Intext Questions 13. 1 I. a) Baldeo b) Tembu c) Twelve II. a) In a railway station/small station/ signal stop ENGLISH 123 The Tiger in the Tunnel The Tiger in the Tunnel b) Signalling whether or not the tunnel was clear of obstruction (to see the signal lamp was burning) III. a) In a small village three miles from the station. Notes b) Their rice fields did not provide the family with a living. IV. A small shack; in the middle of a thick forest; near a tunnel Intext Questions 13. 2 1. tiger, panther, bear, barking deer. 2. No; Baldeo walked confidently, for being a tribal himself he was used to the jungle and its ways. . A small axe; his father 4. (b) 5. a) by the trembling of the ground b) for the train to pass and his father’s returning foot steps/his father to return. Intext Question 13. 3 1. He had to face the tiger any time. 2. It was a man eater. 3. Tembu’s/his son’s 4. He had an axe to kill it; he didn’t think the tiger was dangerous. 5. The axe got stuck in the tiger’s shoulder so he couldn’t fight it. Intext Question 13. 4 1. He was trapped when the train came, flight along the cutting was impossible. 2. It got caught in the cow-catcher of the engine. 3. The driver found a tiger cut in half just above the cow-catcher of the engine 4. There was no sound, the boy sat beside the body of his father. 5. To guard the body from jackals and hyenas. 6. All the responsibility fell on Tembu. OVERALL QUESTIONS 1. Baldeo – 1) took up his job inspite of the dangers. 2) tried to kill the tiger. Tembu – 1) took up his father’s job 2) looked after the family in place of his father. 124 ENGLISH The Tiger in the Tunnel 2. It was used to the ways of men and expected to bowl over Baldeo who stood in the way. 3. 1. his father had killed the tiger. 2. the forest gods were pleased. . he had his father’s axe. VOCABULARY ENRICHMENT 1. (a) bore, (b) boar 3. (a) root, 5. (a) mail, 7. (a) beer, (b) route (b) male (b) bare 2. (a) herd, (b) heard The Tiger in the Tunnel Notes 4. (a) weather, (b) whether 6. (a) threw, 8. (a) steel, (b) through (b) steal 9. (a) there, (b) their 2. (1) deer, (5) men, (2) neighbour, (3) bullock cart, (4) gu n, (6) cave, (7) read, (8) sleep (9) crow CHECK YOUR ANSWERS Grammar To-Infinitives Exercise I 1. to postpone 4. to tearn Exercise II 1. to post 5. to report 9. to waste Gerunds Exercise I 1. reading 4. giving, receiving ENGLISH 2. to play 5. o deposit 3. to open 6. to play 2. to go 6. to park 10. to help 3. to sleep 7. to live 4. to accompany 8. to sit 2. playing 5. singing 3. riding 125 The Tiger in the Tunnel The Tiger in the Tunnel Exercise II 1. Bating 5. wearing 2. seeing 6. signaling 10. shopping 3. believing 4. studying, 7. hammering 8. trembling 11. studying Notes 9. cutting The present Participle Exercise I 1. sitting 4. playing. Exercise II 1. exciting 4. yawning The Past Participle A. (a) frightened B. a) written d) broken (b) changed b) stolen e) painted. (c) broken c) completed 2. speaking 5. writing 3. menacing 6. earning 2. moving 3. frightening, crashing CHECK YOUR ANSWER Let’s write a) It was about 10 o’clock on Holi day and the gaiety had begun. The grounds of the township were filling up with people splashing colours at each other. Fourteen year old Minal Pawar, who lives in one of the ground-floor flats was hanging out the washed clothes in the courtyard. She planned to join the fun as soon as she finished. Exercise I â€Å"Are you going far? † asked the doctor. â€Å"I’m going all the way to Detroit,† said the man, a rather thin man with small black eyes filled with tears from the wind. 126 ENGLISH